Melatonin
In animals, melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine, is a hormone produced and secreted by the pineal gland. It is involved in the synchronization of the circadian rhythms of e.g. sleep and blood pressure.
Melatonin works in two ways: through activation of melatonin receptors, and as an antioxidant that can easily cross cell membranes and the blood–brain barrier.
As an antioxidant, melatonin is a direct scavenger of radical oxygen and nitrogen species, and its metabolites are also scavengers. Moreover, it has amphiphilic properties. Melatonin seems to be a more effective protector against mitochondrial oxidative stress than synthetic antioxidants. A particular function of melatonin is to protect nuclear and mitochodrial DNA. Melatonin also interacts with the immune system, having anti-inflammatory effects.
Effects on ALS
In ALS, the most promising effects of melatonin are those of blocking apoptotic pathways and reducing oxidative damage caused by free radicals by scavenging. The mechanisms of melatonin antiapoptotic effects are not completely clear, although the mitochondria have been identified as its target. [1],[2]
Cautions
Can cause some side effects including headache, short-term feelings of depression, daytime sleepiness, dizziness, stomach cramps, and irritability. Do not drive or use machinery for four to five hours after taking melatonin. (Source: WebMD) Can cause reduced blood flow and hypothermia (in the elderly). In auto-immune disorders, it is unclear whether melatonin may either ameliorate or exacerbate symptoms due to immunomodulation. Melatonin can lower FSH levels, and its effects on human reproduction remain unclear. Anticoagulants and other substances are known to interact with melatonin. (Source: Wikipedia)
Research article link collection
Research papers on melatonin and ALS
References
[1] de Paula, C. Z., Gonçalves, B. D. C., & Vieira, L. B. (2015). An Overview of Potential Targets for Treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Huntington’s Disease. BioMed Research International. [1]
[2] Weishaupt JH, Bartels C, Pölking E, Dietrich J, Rohde G, Poeggeler B, Mertens N, Sperling S, Bohn M, Hüther G, Schneider A, Bach A, Sirén AL, Hardeland R, Bähr M, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H (2006). Reduced oxidative damage in ALS by high-dose enteral melatonin treatment. J Pineal Res., 41(4), 313–23. [2]
