Editing Loss of BBB integrity


''Vascular pathology, including blood-brain/spinal cord barrier (BBB/BSCB) alterations, has recently been recognized as a key factor possibly aggravating motor neuron damage, identifying a neurovascular disease signature for ALS. However, BBB/BSCB competence in sporadic ALS (SALS) is still undetermined. In this study, BBB/BSCB integrity in postmortem gray and white matter of medulla and spinal cord tissue from SALS patients and controls was investigated. Major findings include (1) endothelial cell damage and pericyte degeneration, (2) severe intra- and extracellular edema, (3) reduced CD31 and CD105 expressions in endothelium, (4) significant accumulation of perivascular collagen IV, and fibrin deposits (5) significantly increased microvascular density in lumbar spinal cord, (6) IgG microvascular leakage, (7) reduced tight junction and adhesion protein expressions. Microvascular barrier abnormalities determined in gray and white matter of the medulla, cervical, and lumbar spinal cord of SALS patients are novel findings. Pervasive barrier damage discovered in ALS may have implications for disease pathogenesis and progression, as well as for uncovering novel therapeutic targets.''{{#pmid:22750125|Garbuzova2012}}

''In the normal central nervous system, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is found in some types of neurons, epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and endothelial cells of microvessels, but it is usually not detectable in glial cells. However, in different pathological conditions, astrocytes adapting a reactive phenotype express high levels of ET-1 and its receptors, mainly the ETB receptor. ET-1 released by reactive astrocytes appears mainly to have neurodeleterious effects by mechanisms that include constriction of cerebral arterioles leading to impairment of the cerebral microcirculation, increase of blood brain barrier permeability, inflammation, excitotoxicity, impairment of fast axonal transport, and astrogliosis. A few studies in rodents found that ET-1 increased the astrocytic expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor and neurotropin-3, and the production of endocannabinoids. However, whether this occurs in physiological or pathological conditions is unclear. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the astrocytic ET-1 system in acute and chronic neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Alzheimer's disease, Binswanger's disease and post-stroke dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and CNS infections. Counteracting the harmful effects of astrocytic ET-1 may represent a promising therapeutic target for mitigating secondary brain damage in a variety of neurological diseases. We also briefly address the role of astrocytic ET-1 in astrocytic tumors and pain.''{{#pmid:27132521|Hostenbach2016}}

''Brain parenchymal abundance of IgG and apoB lipoproteins was markedly exaggerated in mice maintained on the SFA diet concomitant with significantly increased GFAP and COX-2, and reduced systemic anti-oxidative status. The nutraceutical GEA, ALA, niacin, and NA completely prevented the SFA-induced disturbances of BBB and normalized the measures of neurovascular inflammation and oxidative stress.'' {{#pmid:23782872|takechi2013}}

== References ==

[[Category:Key concepts]]
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Key concepts in ALS]]
-''Vascular pathology, including blood-brain/spinal cord barrier (BBB/BSCB) alterations, has recently been recognized as a key factor possibly aggravating motor neuron damage, identifying a neurovascular disease signature for ALS. However, BBB/BSCB competence in sporadic ALS (SALS) is still undetermined. In this study, BBB/BSCB integrity in postmortem gray and white matter of medulla and spinal cord tissue from SALS patients and controls was investigated. Major findings include (1) endothelial cell damage and pericyte degeneration, (2) severe intra- and extracellular edema, (3) reduced CD31 and CD105 expressions in endothelium, (4) significant accumulation of perivascular collagen IV, and fibrin deposits (5) significantly increased microvascular density in lumbar spinal cord, (6) IgG microvascular leakage, (7) reduced tight junction and adhesion protein expressions. Microvascular barrier abnormalities determined in gray and white matter of the medulla, cervical, and lumbar spinal cord of SALS patients are novel findings. '''Pervasive barrier damage discovered in ALS may have implications for disease pathogenesis and progression, as well as for uncovering novel therapeutic targets.'''''{{#pmid:22750125|Garbuzova2012}}
+''Vascular pathology, including blood-brain/spinal cord barrier (BBB/BSCB) alterations, has recently been recognized as a key factor possibly aggravating motor neuron damage, identifying a neurovascular disease signature for ALS. However, BBB/BSCB competence in sporadic ALS (SALS) is still undetermined. In this study, BBB/BSCB integrity in postmortem gray and white matter of medulla and spinal cord tissue from SALS patients and controls was investigated. Major findings include (1) endothelial cell damage and pericyte degeneration, (2) severe intra- and extracellular edema, (3) reduced CD31 and CD105 expressions in endothelium, (4) significant accumulation of perivascular collagen IV, and fibrin deposits (5) significantly increased microvascular density in lumbar spinal cord, (6) IgG microvascular leakage, (7) reduced tight junction and adhesion protein expressions. Microvascular barrier abnormalities determined in gray and white matter of the medulla, cervical, and lumbar spinal cord of SALS patients are novel findings. Pervasive barrier damage discovered in ALS may have implications for disease pathogenesis and progression, as well as for uncovering novel therapeutic targets.''{{#pmid:22750125|Garbuzova2012}}
-''In the normal central nervous system, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is found in some types of neurons, epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and endothelial cells of microvessels, but it is usually not detectable in glial cells. However, '''in different pathological conditions, astrocytes adapting a reactive phenotype express high levels of ET-1 and its receptors, mainly the ETB receptor.''' ET-1 released by reactive astrocytes appears mainly to have neurodeleterious effects by mechanisms that include constriction of cerebral arterioles leading to impairment of the cerebral microcirculation, increase of blood brain barrier permeability, inflammation, excitotoxicity, impairment of fast axonal transport, and astrogliosis. A few studies in rodents found that ET-1 increased the astrocytic expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor and neurotropin-3, and the production of endocannabinoids. However, whether this occurs in physiological or pathological conditions is unclear. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the astrocytic ET-1 system in acute and chronic neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Alzheimer's disease, Binswanger's disease and post-stroke dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and CNS infections. Counteracting the harmful effects of astrocytic ET-1 may represent a promising therapeutic target for mitigating secondary brain damage in a variety of neurological diseases. We also briefly address the role of astrocytic ET-1 in astrocytic tumors and pain.''{{#pmid:27132521|Hostenbach2016}}
+''In the normal central nervous system, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is found in some types of neurons, epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and endothelial cells of microvessels, but it is usually not detectable in glial cells. However, in different pathological conditions, astrocytes adapting a reactive phenotype express high levels of ET-1 and its receptors, mainly the ETB receptor. ET-1 released by reactive astrocytes appears mainly to have neurodeleterious effects by mechanisms that include constriction of cerebral arterioles leading to impairment of the cerebral microcirculation, increase of blood brain barrier permeability, inflammation, excitotoxicity, impairment of fast axonal transport, and astrogliosis. A few studies in rodents found that ET-1 increased the astrocytic expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor and neurotropin-3, and the production of endocannabinoids. However, whether this occurs in physiological or pathological conditions is unclear. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the astrocytic ET-1 system in acute and chronic neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Alzheimer's disease, Binswanger's disease and post-stroke dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and CNS infections. Counteracting the harmful effects of astrocytic ET-1 may represent a promising therapeutic target for mitigating secondary brain damage in a variety of neurological diseases. We also briefly address the role of astrocytic ET-1 in astrocytic tumors and pain.''{{#pmid:27132521|Hostenbach2016}}
 ''Brain parenchymal abundance of IgG and apoB lipoproteins was markedly exaggerated in mice maintained on the SFA diet concomitant with significantly increased GFAP and COX-2, and reduced systemic anti-oxidative status. The nutraceutical GEA, ALA, niacin, and NA completely prevented the SFA-induced disturbances of BBB and normalized the measures of neurovascular inflammation and oxidative stress.'' {{#pmid:23782872|takechi2013}}