Editing Inosine

[[Information on nutritional supplements people with ALS have been taking]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine Wikipedia page]

Inosine has been thought of in the B vitamin family, although it is not technically a vitamin because the body can synthesize it. It is a basic component of cells and participates in the synthesis of energy. Inosine is naturally formed as a result of purine metabolism. Purines fix nitrogen for use as basic building blocks of RNA and DNA. As inosine is formed it goes on to participate in the synthesis of ATP (cellular energy). Since inosine is readily formed as a byproduct of purine metabolism, we do not typically think of it as a needed dietary supplement. [ [http://www.wellnessresources.com/health/articles/can_inosine_repair_nerve_damage/ health news] ]


== Effects on ALS ==

{{#pmid:10557347|Benowitz1999}}

''Inosine acts as a competitor of 6-TG, suggesting that it acts as an N-kinase agonist, and that this kinase is part of a modular signal transduction pathway controlling axon growth. Following unilateral transections of the corticospinal tract in mature rats, inosine applied to the intact sensorimotor cortex stimulated layer 5 pyramidal cells to upregulate GAP-43 expression and to sprout axon collaterals that crossed the midline and reinnervated regions of the cervical spinal cord which had lost their normal afferents.''{{#pmid:12082228|Benowitz2001}}

''In immunostimulated macrophages and spleen cells, inosine potently inhibited the production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-12, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha, and IFN-gamma, but failed to alter the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.''{{#pmid:10623851|Hasko2000}}

Inosine antagonizes glutamate-induced electrophysiological excitation in rat cerebral cortical neurons.{{#pmid:15692110|Shen2005}}

Inosine protects rat oligodendrocytes from hypoxic injury as an antioxidant and ATP provider, and the protective effects of inosine on oligodendrocytes vary with cell differentiation, possibly due to the adenosine receptors expression profile.{{#pmid:21643997|Ma2011}}

In mouse spinal culture under hypoxic conditions, inosine preserved both total cell and neuronal viability in a concentration-dependent manner.{{#pmid:10064830|Litsky1999}}

A [https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02288091 Phase 1 clinical trial] on the effects of inosine on ALS through elevating uric acid is due to be completed in March 2016.

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== Regulated pathways ==

Upregulates GAP-43

Probable N-kinase agonist

Inhibits TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-12, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha, and IFN-gamma,

== References ==

[[Category:Supplement data pages]]
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-== ALSUntangled evaluation ==
-''Inosine is a low-cost supplement that increases the levels of urate, a naturally occurring antioxidant. With appropriate blood and urine monitoring, it appears reasonably safe. Epidemiologic data suggest that high urate levels may be associated with improved survival in ALS, which prompted pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of inosine. These are still ongoing and will help determine whether inosine could be a useful treatment for ALS.''{{#pmid:27575981|Alsuntangled2016}}